| Author |
doi |
Year |
Country |
Experimental Dates |
Aim of the study |
Study Design |
Type of rehabilitation service |
Research Question |
LFRI |
Covid Phases |
Population |
N° of participants |
Clinical presentation |
Intervention |
Comparator |
Outcomes |
Adverse events |
Diagnostic test |
Sensitivity |
Specificity |
Types of validity |
Attributes of reliability |
Main findings |
| Bianco MR |
10.26355/eurrev_202202_28014 |
2022 |
Italy |
From March to August 2021 |
To evaluate olfactory dysfunction persistence after recovery from COVID-19, and potential related
clinical-demographic conditions. |
Cross-sectional study |
N/A |
Epidemiology - Prevalence/Incidence |
Nervous system structures (s1) and related functions (Sensory functions and pain b2) |
Ongoing |
COVID-19 |
76 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
Sniffin’ Sticks test and visual analogic scale |
|
|
|
|
|
|
This study reports about 76 patients recovered from COVID-19 from at least 20 days with olfactory
dysfunction during the infection (mean age 42.50 ± 15.10, male 47.5%, mean duration of COVID-19 disease
31.1 ± 9.41 days, no patient had been hospitalized, no patient had undergone therapy for the smell
disorder). According to the period of examination, 21% were evaluated in the first 30 days after
healing, 26% after 31-60 days, 10.5 % after 61-90 days, 18.4% after 91-120 days, and 23.7% at 121-180
days.
The main findings are represented by:
-No significant difference between the responses to the subjective (VAS) and objective test (Sniffin’
Sticks test) to detect olfactory function
-63.16% of patients were normosmic, 34.21% were hyposmic and 2.63% were anosmic.
-Most patients recovered their sense of smell within the first two months after recovery, while 22.2%
still experienced olfactory alterations 4-6 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Patients who had not
recovered their sense of smell had a significantly longer period of SARS- CoV-2 positivity than patients
who fully recovered (36.07 ± 7.78 days vs. 29 ± 7.89 days).
So, the duration of the infection negatively correlates with the recovery of olfactory function. |
| Bakel BMA et al |
10.3390/jcm11041110 |
2022 |
The Netherlands |
Between 1 April and 12 May, 2020. |
To objectively assess PA, sedentary behaviour and sleep duration in patients with COVID-19 with
moderate-to-severe illness that required hospitalisation, at three to six months after discharge.
|
Inception Cohort study |
N/A |
Epidemiology - Natural history |
Any Activity limitation and participation restriction (d) |
Post-Covid |
COVID-19 |
37 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
Objectively assessed PA and sedentary behaviour |
|
|
|
|
|
|
This study reports about 37 hospitalized COVID-19 patients (mean age 60 ± 10 years, 78% males). At
3-6 months after discharge, PA , sleep profile and sedentary behaviour were objectively assessed
through a wearable sensor. Main finding : high levels of sedentary time are common at 3–6 months
after COVID-19 hospitalisation, whilst PA and sedentary behaviour are not impacted by patient or
disease characteristics; sleep duration was higher in patients with versus without persistent
symptoms (9.1 vs. 8.3 h/day, p = 0.02). |
| Barbara C |
10.1093/eurjpc/zwac019 |
2022 |
Italy |
From1st of March 2020 to ? |
To evaluate the effects of a combination of aerobic and resistance training performed in the same
session for eight weeks in long COVID-19 patients. |
Before-after/time series |
Specialized outpatient rehabilitation |
Micro - Interventions (efficacy/harms) |
Any other body structure and function-generic (s/b) |
Post-Covid |
COVID-19 |
50 |
N/A |
aerobic and resistance training, 3 sessions/week, 8 weeks |
N/A |
Cardiorespiratory fitness parameters (eg. VO2peak), musculoskeletal fitness (resistance training
load was determined for each muscle group according to the results of the maximal dynamic strenght
test) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
This study reports on 50 COVID-19 survivors (age: 55.8±9.7 years, 70% male, length of hospital stay
32 ± 30.9 days ) who were enrolled 3 months after discharge in a cardiac rehabilitation program.
They underwent eight weeks exercise (3 sessions/week) and were assessed pre and post treatment. The
time from hospital discharge to first CPET was 111.0±67.1 days.
The main findings are represented by:
-The average number of realized exercise training sessions was 66.1±34.0 and during the eight weeks
intervention none of patients dropped out from the study
-The training increased both cardiorespiratory and musculoskeletal fitnes: VO2peak increased 15% and
peak ventilation 9% (36.0% of patients had a post-training predicted VO2peak above 85%, indicating
normality); muscle strength increased markedly for all major muscle groups ranging from 16% to 33%
increase. |
| Batool A et al |
n/a |
2022 |
Pakistan |
From December 2020 to June 2021 |
To find out effects on sensory changes in peripheral nervous system due to COVID-19. |
Cross-sectional study |
N/A |
Epidemiology - Prevalence/Incidence |
Nervous system structures (s1) and related functions (Sensory functions and pain b2) |
Post-Covid |
COVID-19 |
144 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
VAS, olfactory nerve test, Facial &Glossopharyngeal Nerve Test, Fukuda Step Test for balance and
Paper clip test for two-point discrimination. |
This study reports about 144 COVID-19 hospitalized patients (mean age 34.5 ± 6.9 years, 41.7%
males). Patient were tested in a post COVID phase: 28.5% of patients were evaluated 1-2 months after
a negative SARS-COV2 test, 18.1% after more than 6 months. The main finding is represented by the
rate of olfactory symptoms in post-COVID patients: 27.1% reported to have a total loss of smell,
29.2% sensed the smell accurately, 31.3% had a reduced sense of smell,12.5% had an increased
sensitivity to the different smells they were asked to sense. |
34.5 ± 6.9 |
41.7 |
0 |
N/A |
|
This study reports about 144 COVID-19 hospitalized patients (mean age 34.5 ± 6.9 years, 41.7%
males). Patient were tested in a post COVID phase: 28.5% of patients were evaluated 1-2 months after
a negative SARS-COV2 test, 18.1% after more than 6 months and around 54% from 2 to 6 months. Main
finding: 27.1% reported to have a total loss of smell, 29.2% sensed the smell accurately, 31.3% had
a reduced sense of smell,12.5% had an increased sensitivity to the different smells they were asked
to sense; 32.6% had ageusia; 28.5% had reduced taste sense ; 6.3% had abnormal balance. |
| Bek et al. |
10.1101/2021.12.11.21267652 |
2021 |
The Netherlands |
July 1st 2020 - December 1st 2021 |
to longitudinally assess persistence of symptoms and clusters of symptoms up to 12 months after
hospitalization for COVID-19, and to assess determinants of the main persistent symptoms. |
Inception Cohort study |
General postacute rehabilitation |
Epidemiology - Natural history |
Any other body structure and function-generic (s/b) |
Post-Covid |
COVID-19 |
492 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
COVID-19 persisting syntoms, baseline laboratory and radiological parameters, complications during
hospitalization including delirium and thrombosis, type and quantity of oxygen support, intensive
care unit (ICU) admission, length of stay (LOS) ICU, LOS hospital, and COVID-19 directed treatment
during hospital admission |
This study reports about patients hospitalized for COVID-19 (mean age 60.2±10.7; 68.1% male; median
length of stay 11 [6.0-27.0] days). The study was conducted between July 1st, 2020, and December
1st, 2021, and patients are followed up for 2 years. The main finding is represented by the
prevalence of at least 1 persisting symptom in 97.0% of the patients at 3 months after discharge,
95.5% at 6 months, and 92.0% at 12 months. Muscle weakness, exertional dyspnea, fatigue, and memory
and concentration problems were the most prevalent symptoms with rates over 50% during follow-up.
Muscle weakness, hair loss, and exertional dyspnea decreased significantly during the follow-up (p
<0.001). Female gender was the most important predictor of persistent symptoms. A shorter hospital
stay and treatment with steroids were related to decreased muscle weakness. |
60.2±10.7 |
0,681 |
0 |
1 |
|
This study reports about 492 patients hospitalized for COVID-19 (mean age 60.2±10.7; 68.1% male;
median length of stay 11 [6.0-27.0] days) and followed up for 2 years. The main finding is
represented by the persistence of at least 1 symptom in 97.0% of cases at 3 months after discharge,
95.5% at 6 months, and 92.0% at 12 months. Muscle weakness, exertional dyspnea, fatigue, and memory
and concentration problems were the most prevalent symptoms with rates over 50% during follow-up.
Muscle weakness, hair loss, and exertional dyspnea decreased significantly during the follow-up (p
<0.001). Female gender was the most important predictor of persistent symptoms. A shorter hospital
stay and treatment with steroids were related to decreased muscle weakness. |
| Borch L et al |
10.1007/s00431-021-04345-z |
2022 |
Denmark |
From January 27, 2020 to March 19, 2021 |
To document symptoms and duration of ‘long COVID’ in a nationwide cohort of SARS-CoV-2 infected
children<18 years. |
Cross-sectional study |
N/A |
Epidemiology - Prevalence/Incidence |
Any other body structure and function-generic (s/b) |
Post-Covid |
COVID-19 |
16836 |
N/A |
N/A |
16642 healthy controls |
Symptoms persistance |
|
|
|
|
|
|
This study reports about 16,6836 COVID-19 patients aged 0 to 17 years who were tested with a
questionnaire at more than 4 weeks of infection onset, and compared with a sample of 16642 SARS-COV2
negative children. Main findings: 0.8% of SARS-CoV-2 positive children reported symptoms lasting >4
weeks, compared to a control group. The most common symptoms were fatigue, loss of smell and loss of
taste, dizziness, muscle weakness, chest pain and respiratory problems. Symptoms such as
concentration difficulties, headache, muscle- and joint pain as well as nausea were similarly
reported by children with previous COVID-19 and controls. In most cases, symptoms related to post
COVID condition resolved within 1-5 months |
| Bungenberg J et all |
10.1002/acn3.51496 |
2022 |
Germany |
Between August 13, 2020 and March 30, 2021. |
To objectify most common neurological long-term sequelae of COVID-19 across distinct patient groups.
|
Cross-sectional study |
N/A |
Epidemiology - Prevalence/Incidence |
Nervous system structures (s1) and related functions (Mental functions b1) |
Post-Covid |
COVID-19 |
50 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
Cognitive performance, PROMs, MRI |
|
|
|
|
|
|
This study reports about 50 COVID-19 patients with symptoms persisting for at least 4 weeks (mean
age 50.5, 44% males, 42% were hospitalized during acute phase, 58% were not hospitalized). The
assessment was done at 13.43 weeks (range 3.3–57.86) of infection for nonhospitalized patients and
at 41 weeks (range 18.14–52.29) for hospitalized patients. All the patients underwent cognitive
testing and an MRI. Hospitalized patients performed worse in global cognition, logical reasoning,
and processes of verbal memory. In both groups, fatigue severity was associated with reduced
performance in attention and psychomotor speed tasks and reduced quality of life and with more
persisting symptoms. |
| Chen M |
10.1016/j.
eclinm.2021.101255 |
2022 |
China |
From March to June 2020. |
To describe the changes of lung function and identify risk factors for impaired diffusion capacity.
|
Inception Cohort study |
N/A |
Epidemiology - Natural history |
Respiratory structures (s430) and related functions (Respiration b440-455) |
Post-Covid |
COVID-19 |
110 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
Pulmonary function tests |
|
|
|
|
|
|
This study reports 110 non-critical hospitalized COVID-19 patients (median age 45 years (34−56),
48.2% male, 75.5% moderate Covid-19, inpatient days 22.5 (16.0, 28.0) ) whose pulmonary function was
assessed at discharge, and three and six months later.
The main findings are represented by:
-67.2%, 54.5%, and 45.5% of patients reported at least one sequela at discharge, three months, and
six months after discharge, respectively. The number of participants with sequelae decreased
significantly at three months, but not further decreased at six months.
-The first three months are the critical recovery period for diffusion capacity: The mean DLCO% pred
was 79.8% at discharge and significantly improved to 84.9% at Month-3, The transfer coefficient of
the lung for carbon monoxide (KCO)% pred significantly increased from 91.7% at discharge to 95.7% at
Month-3. Both of them showed no further improvement at Month-6.
-The impaired diffusion capacity was more severe and recovered slower in females than in males.
|
| Clayton et al. |
10.1016/j.aucc.2022.01.001 |
2022 |
Australia |
1st March 2020 - 1st March 2021 |
To describe the physiological characteristics of swallowing dysfunction and pattern of recovery and
outcomes for swallowing, in ICU patients with COVID-19 |
Inception Cohort study |
Rehabilitation in acute care |
Epidemiology - Natural history |
Digestive functions (b510) |
Acute |
COVID-19 |
27 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
DSPA, DFSPA, Dysphagia presence & severity on CSE, Dysphagia presence & severity on
Videofluoroscopic Swallowing Study (VFSS) if conducted, VFSS postponed or not completed due to
COVID-19-specific considerations, DCDR, DIOF DROD, Persistent dysphagia after discharge, DOEF,
Persistent enteral feeding after discharge, Speech pathology involvement in trachea
weaning/decannulation |
This study reports about adult patients with COVID-19, admitted to ICUs (mean age 65 [IQR=15.5]; 22
male and 5 female). The study was conducted over a period of 12 months (1st March 2020 - 1st March
2021). The main finding is represented by the high prevalence in dysphagia (93%), with the majority
(44%) exhibiting profound dysphagia at the initial assessment. Median duration to initiate oral
feeding was 38.5 days (IQR: 31.25) from ICU admission, and 33% received dysphagia rehabilitation. No
association was identified between participant age and any swallowing outcomes. In contrast, a
negative linear association was identified between dysphagia severity and duration of intubation,
mechanical ventilation, and hospital and ICU LOS. Whilst the presence of tracheostomy was not
associated with whether dysphagia recovery was achieved (p=0.06), nor the duration to commence
dysphagia rehabilitation (Z=2.049, p=0.056), it was associated with severity of dysphagia (Z=2.100,
p=0.05), duration to initiation of oral feeding (Z=2.934, p=0.002), duration to resolution of
dysphagia (Z=3.056, p=0.001) and duration of enteral feeding (Z=3.112, p=0.001). |
65 (IQR=15.5) |
81.5% |
1 |
0 |
|
This study reports about 27 patients with COVID-19, admitted to ICUs (mean age 65 [IQR=15.5]; 22
male and 5 female) and monitored for swallow function up to discharge from hospital (mean hospital
stay: 50 +/-28 days; range 17-178 days). The main finding is represented by the high prevalence in
dysphagia (93%), with the majority (44%) exhibiting profound dysphagia at the initial assessment.
Median duration to initiate oral feeding was 38.5 days (IQR: 31.25) from ICU admission, and 33%
received dysphagia rehabilitation. No association was identified between participant age and any
swallowing outcomes. In contrast, a negative linear association was identified between dysphagia
severity and duration of intubation, mechanical ventilation, and hospital and ICU LOS. Whilst the
presence of tracheostomy was not associated with whether dysphagia recovery was achieved (p=0.06),
nor the duration to commence dysphagia rehabilitation (Z=2.049, p=0.056), it was associated with
severity of dysphagia (Z=2.100, p=0.05), duration to initiation of oral feeding (Z=2.934, p=0.002),
duration to resolution of dysphagia (Z=3.056, p=0.001) and duration of enteral feeding (Z=3.112,
p=0.001). |
| Demoule A et al |
10.1186/s13613-022-00991-0 |
2022 |
France |
From 16 April to 25 June, 2020. |
To report temporal trends in dyspnea and HRQoL in COVID-19 patients admitted to the ICU for a severe
form of COVID-19 and subsequently transferred to an inpatient rehabilitation unit. |
Inception Cohort study |
General postacute rehabilitation |
Epidemiology - Natural history |
Any Activity limitation and participation restriction (d) |
Post-Covid |
COVID-19 |
94 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
Symptoms, EQ-5D-3L |
|
|
|
|
|
|
This study reports about 94 hospitalized COVID-19 patients that needed ICU stay (median age 63
years, 71% males). They were assessed at 2 and 12 months follow-up. Main finding : at 12 months, 68
(76%) patients reported at least one symptom that was not present prior to ICU admission and 27
(61%) of the 44 patients who were previously working had returned to work. Factors associated with
EQ-5D-3L were body mass index on ICU admission, tracheostomy, male gender and active smoking |
| Erber J et al |
10.3390/jcm10235469 |
2021 |
Germany |
Between 14 March and 23 June 2020 |
To perform a comprehensive health assessment comprising their health-related quality of life (HrQoL)
and cardiopulmonary function, as well as chest imaging and laboratory parameters in COVID-19
patients that required ICU. |
Inception Cohort study |
N/A |
Epidemiology - Natural history |
Any Activity limitation and participation restriction (d) |
Post-Covid |
COVID-19 |
18 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
PFT, CT, TTE, SF36, SGRQ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
This study reports about 18 COVID-19 hospitalized patients that needed ICU (mean age 54 ± 12.3
years, 77.8% males, BM 27.8). Patients were prospectively followed-up at a median of 36, 75.5, 122
and 222 days after discharge. The main findings is that the HrQoL assessment revealed a reduced
physical functioning, as well as increased SGRQ impact and symptoms scores that all improved over
time but remained markedly impaired compared to the reference groups. |
| Fernández-De-las-peñas C |
10.3390/jcm11020413 |
2022 |
Spain |
From 10 March to 31 May 2020 |
To investigate sex differences on COVID-19 associated symptoms and long-term post-COVID symptoms in
a sample of previously hospitalized COVID-19 survivors in a large Spanish population. |
Cross-sectional study |
N/A |
Epidemiology - Prevalence/Incidence |
Any other body structure and function-generic (s/b) |
Post-Covid |
COVID-19 |
1969 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
questionnaires, HADS, PSQI |
|
|
|
|
|
|
This study reports 1969 hospitalized COVID-19 survivors (age: 61±16 years, 53.6% male, length of
stay 11.3 ± 11.4 days ) who were assessed 8.4 ± 1.5 months after discharge.
The main finding is represented by:
No overall significant sex differences in COVID-19 onset symptoms at hospital admission were found.
Post-COVID symptoms were present in up to 60% of hospitalized COVID-19 survivors eight months after
the infection. The number of post-COVID symptoms was 2.25 for females and 1.5 for males. After
adjusting all variables, female sex was associated with ≥3 post-COVID symptoms, the presence of
post-COVID fatigue, dyspnea, pain, hair loss, ocular problems, depressive levels, and worse sleep
quality. |
| Fernández-de-Las-Peñas C |
10.1016/j.jinf.2022.01.031 |
2022 |
Spain |
From March 10 to May 31, 2020 |
To explore the recovery curves for long-term post-COVID functional limitations on daily living
activities |
Inception Cohort study |
N/A |
Epidemiology - Natural history |
Any Activity limitation and participation restriction (d) |
Post-Covid |
COVID-19 |
1593 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
Telephone interview: They were asked for determining their functional status at the moment of the
interview (post- COVID) in comparison with their previous status before hospitalization |
|
|
|
|
|
|
This study reports about 1593 previous-hospitalized COVID-19 patients (mean age 61.1 ± 16.3, male
53.5%). They were assessed at T1 (mean: 8.4 months, range 6–10) and T2 (mean: 13.2 months, range
11–15) after hospital discharge.
The main findings are represented by:
-Between 20 and 30% of participants reported limitations during at least one daily living activity.
Self-perceived limitations in daily living activities decreased during the following year after the
infection (occupational activities from 20.9% at T1 to 12.8% at T2; leisure/social activities from
30.1% to 20.8%; instrumental activities from 27.1% to 18.1%; and basic activities from 19.9% to
13.7% ).
A large number of patients developed “de novo” functional limitations after the infection. Despite
this, more individuals recovered their functional status during daily living activities than those
developing functional limitations, explaining the decreased prevalence trend observed. This decrease
was, however, not as pronounced as expected suggesting that functional limitations during daily
living activities will be long-lasting post-COVID sequelae. |
| Fernández-de-Las-Peñas C |
10.1016/j.ijid.2022.02.010 |
2022 |
Spain |
From March 10 to May 31, 2020 |
To analyze the trajectory recovery curve of the number of post-COVID-19 symptoms |
Inception Cohort study |
N/A |
Epidemiology - Natural history |
Any other body structure and function-generic (s/b) |
Post-Covid |
COVID-19 |
1593 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
Telephone interview: They were asked about a list of post-COVID-19 symptoms but were free to report
any additional symptom that they experienced. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
This study reports about 1593 previous-hospitalized COVID-19 patients (mean age 61.1 ± 16.3, male
53.5%). In order to analyze the trajectory recovery curve of the number of post-COVID- 19 symptoms,
the patients were assessed at T1 (mean: 8.4 months, range 6–10), and T2 (mean: 13.2 months, range
11–15) after hospital discharge.
The main findings are represented by:
The overall tendency was a decrease in the number of post-COVID-19 symptoms throughout the following
2 years after the infection.
-The mean number of post-COVID-19 symptoms was 2.6 ± 2.0 at T1 and 1.5 ± 1.4 at T2 .
-61.8% of subjects reported more post-COVID-19 symptoms at T1 compared with T2 (T1>T2), 34.5% equal,
and 3.7% fewer (T1
|
| Fernández-de-Las-Peñas C et al |
10.1159/000518854 |
2022 |
Spain |
From September 1 to November 30, 2020 |
To determine the levels of fatigue and dyspnoea as post-COVID-19 symptoms in COVID-19 survivors at 6
months after hospitalization; to evaluate functional repercussions of these symptoms on daily living
activities; and to determine the potential risk factors associated with fatigue and dyspnoea in
hospitalized COVID-19 survivors. |
Cross-sectional study |
N/A |
Epidemiology - Prevalence/Incidence |
Any Activity limitation and participation restriction (d) |
Post-Covid |
COVID-19 |
1142 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
Symptoms at follow-up |
|
|
|
|
|
|
This study reports about 1142 hospitalized COVID-19 patients (mean age 61±17 years, 52% males),
assessed 7±0.6 months after discharge. The main finding is represented by the rate of fatigue (61%),
dyspnoea with activity (55%), and dyspnoea at rest (33.5%). 45% patients exhibited limitations on
daily living activities. Being female, higher number of pre-existing medical comorbidities and
number of symptoms at hospitalization were associated to fatigue/dyspnoea in COVID-19 survivors 7
months after hospitalization |
| Ferrando SJ et al |
10.1016/j.jaclp.2022.01.003 |
2022 |
USA |
N/A |
To investigate longer term neuropsychiatric sequelae of COVID-19 |
Cross-sectional study |
N/A |
Epidemiology - Prevalence/Incidence |
Nervous system structures (s1) and related functions (Mental functions b1) |
Post-Covid |
COVID-19 |
60 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
Psychological and Neuropsychological testing, QoL |
|
|
|
|
|
|
This study reports about 60 COVID-19 patients (mean age 41.4 ± 13.5 years, 32% males, 11.6% were
hospitalized) . Of them, 32 were seeking medical attention (clinical group), 28 were not seeking
medical attention (nonclinical group). Patients were tested on average 7 months after recovery from
COVID-19. Main finding : the clinical group with cognitive complaints scored lower than age-adjusted
population norms in tests of attention, processing speed, memory, and executive function and scored
significantly more in the extremely low range than the nonclinical group. The clinical group also
reported higher levels of depression, anxiety, fatigue, posttraumatic stress disorder, and
functional difficulties and lower quality of life. The extremely low neuropsychological test
performance is associated with worse acute COVID-19 symptoms, depression, medical comorbidities,
functional complaints, and subjective cognitive complaints. |
| Gaur et al. |
10.7759/cureus.21618 |
2022 |
India |
November 2020 - May 2021 |
to assess the extent of disability following CO VID-19 infection using World Health Organization
Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 (WHODAS 2.0) |
Cross-sectional study |
General postacute rehabilitation |
Epidemiology - Prevalence/Incidence |
Any Activity limitation and participation restriction (d) |
Post-Covid |
COVID-19 |
97 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
Demographic data, data of pre-existing comorbidity and symptom profile during CO VID-19 infection,
the WHODAS 2.0 scores, pulmonary function, and fatigue |
This study reports about CO VID-19 survivors (mean age 48.69±15.58; 63.9% male). The study was
conducted over a period of 6 months (November 2020 - May 2021). The main finding is represented by
the prevalence of fatigue followed by dyspnea which was the most common reported symptom after three
months of COVID-19 infection. Post COVID-19 patients with fatigue or dyspnea had a more significant
disability. The 73.33% of patients had persistent fatigue while 26.67% of COVID-19 survivors
developed fatigue later. Moreover, significant difference in mean values of WHODAS 2.0 between males
and females. |
48.69±15.58 |
63.9% |
0 |
2 |
|
This study reports about 97 COVID-19 survivors (mean age 48.69±15.58; 63.9% male) undergone
functional assessment at 15.50 +/- 3.64 weeks of infection onset. The main finding is represented by
the prevalence of fatigue followed by dyspnea which was the most common reported symptom after three
months of COVID-19 infection. Post COVID-19 patients with fatigue or dyspnea had a more significant
disability. The 73.33% of patients had persistent fatigue while 26.67% of COVID-19 survivors
developed fatigue later. Moreover, significant difference in mean values of WHODAS 2.0 between males
and females. |
| Gervasoni et al. |
10.1007/s10072-021-05647-8 |
2022 |
Italy |
N/A |
To quantify defcit in balance and proprioception related to post-COVID syndrome |
Cross-sectional study |
General postacute rehabilitation |
Epidemiology - Prevalence/Incidence |
Nervous system structures (s1) and related functions (Neuromusculoskeletal and movement related
functions b7) |
Post-Covid |
COVID-19 |
66 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
Instrumental measures of balance and proprioception. Dynamic balance was evaluated with open (OE)
and closed eyes (CE). |
This study reports about post-COVID-19 outpatients (mean age 47.3±11.1; 50 females). The study was
conducted over a period of 6 months. The main finding is represented by the impairment in dynamic
balance assessed with sway path and two oscillation ranges in hospitalized post-COVID patients. In
particular, significantly differeces were found in sway path and the oscillation ranges between
hospitalized post-COVID patients and non-hospitalized patients (p<0.05). The worst performances were
reported with closed eyes (p<0.001). When compared to normality ranges, post-COVID patients were
significantly more distant from normality in open eyes condition compared to the closed eyes
condition (p<0.001). |
47.3±11.1 |
24.2% |
0 |
2 |
HADS: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; IPAQ: International Physical Activity Questionnaire;
mMRC: modified British Medical Research Council; PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; SAS:
Self-rating anxiety scale; SDS: Self-rating depression scale (SDS); SF-12v2: Short Form Health
Survey version 2; VAS= Visual Analogue Scale |
This study reports about 66 post-COVID-19 outpatients (mean age 47.3±11.1; 50 females; 25
hospitalized in the acute phase), assessed at 6-12 months of COVID-19 onset . The main finding is
represented by the impairment in dynamic balance observed in patients with a history of
hospitalization due to COVID-19. Significant differences were found in the sway path and the
oscillation ranges between hospitalized and non-hospitalized patients (p<0.05). The worst
performances were reported with closed eyes (p<0.001). When compared to normality ranges,
post-COVID patients were significantly more distant from normality in open eyes condition
compared to the closed eyes condition (p<0.001). |
| Hidayati ERN |
10.13181/mji.bc.215477 |
2021 |
Indonesia |
From January to June 2021 |
To evaluate the feasibility of the modified 30-second sit-to-stand test (m30STS) as one of the
prospective tools of functional capacity assessment in moderate COVID-19. |
Cross-sectional study |
Rehabilitation in acute care |
Micro - Outcome Measures |
Any other body structure and function-generic (s/b) |
Acute |
COVID-19 |
92 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
30-second sit-to-stand test |
|
|
|
|
|
|
This study reports 92 hospitalized moderate COVID-19 patients (mean age 47.0 ±12.36, 66% male,
Length of stay 20.6 ±10.75 days) who had oxygen saturation ≥95% with or without oxygen
supplementation and could ambulate with or without an assistive device. They performed the m30STS in
the COVID-19 isolation ward. The score of the test was calculated based on the number of stands
completed within 30 seconds.
The main findings are represented by:
- The mean score of m30STS was 13.3. It was a lower score compared with the healthy elderly
population although not all COVID-19 patients were elderly. Males had a higher m30STS score than
females.
-No subjects had oxygen desaturation or increased heart rate, and no fall incidents occurred.
Performing the bedside m30STS may be simpler than the 6MWT for COVID-19 patients treated in an
isolation ward because it only requires a small space. It is a potential and safe tool for moderate
COVID-19 patients with SaO2 >95% without desaturation when initiating the out-of-bed mobilization.
|
| Hossain MI |
10.1097/MD.0000000000027281 |
2022 |
Bangladesh |
From March 24 to April 24, 2021 |
To observe the demographic profile and outcomes of COVID-19 patients during the second wave in a
COVID dedicated hospital in Bangladesh |
Cross-sectional study |
N/A |
Epidemiology - Prevalence/Incidence |
Any other body structure and function-generic (s/b) |
Acute |
COVID-19 |
486 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
|
|
This study reports about 486 COVID-19 patients (mean age of 53.47±13.86, 62.9% male) admitted to a
Covid Unit during the second wave of the pandemic. They were assessed during the acute phase (no
more details).
The main findings are represented by:
- Predominant symptoms were fever (78.2%) and cough (76.6%). shortness of breath (38.5%), diarrhea
(18.2%), body ache (14.5%). Anosmia, lethargy, and chest pain were present in less than 10% of the
patients.
- The most common comorbidities were hypertension (41.4) and diabetes mellitus (39.4).
- Intensive care unit utilization rate was 25%, and half of the patients had 51% to 70% tomographic
lung involvement with an overall mortality rate of 19.3%.
-Older age, chronic renal disease, percentage of lung involvement, and intensive care unit necessity
were important mortality determinants. |
| Hu JZ |
10.3389/fpubh.2021.725505 |
2021 |
China |
From March to April 2020 |
To analyze the early mental health and quality of life (QoL) of discharged patients with COVID-19
|
Cross-sectional study |
N/A |
Epidemiology - Prevalence/Incidence |
Nervous system structures (s1) and related functions (Mental functions b1) |
Ongoing |
COVID-19 |
90 |
N/A |
N/A |
18 healthy participants |
SF-12v2, SAS, SDS, IPAQ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
This study reports 90 COVID-19 patients in the early phase after being discharged (the mean age was
50.8 years ± 12.5, male 44.4%, 10.0% were mild type,70.0% patients were ordinary type, 20.0%
patients were severe type, but there were no critically ill patients). They were compared with 18
healthy subjects (who were not infected with COVID-19 from healthcare workers and families of
patients; mean age 51.3 years ± 12.5, male 50.0%). The patients were assessed within 3–45 days after
discharge (including patients in isolation sites after discharge and early home-based patients who
have returned to the community).
The main findings are represented by:
-Anxiety status: 33.3% of patients had a state of anxiety. Compared with healthy participants they
had a higher incidence of anxiety and more severe anxiety symptoms.
-Depression status: 32.2% of patients had a state of depression. compared with healthy participants
they had a higher incidence of depression and more severe depression symptoms.
-QoL: 86.7% and 81.1% of patients presented a decrease in physical health-related quality of life
and in psychology-related QoL, respectively. The SF-12v2 scores were significantly lower than those
of healthy people.
-Gender differences in mental health and the QoL among patients with COVID-19: women had more severe
anxiety/depression symptoms than men. |
| Jaquet P et al |
10.1097/ccm.0000000000005500 |
2022 |
France |
From March to December 2020 |
To describe 3–6-month functional and neuropsychologic outcomes of survivors of COVID-19 associated
ARDS requiring invasive mechanical ventilation, during the two first waves of the COVID-19 pandemic.
|
Inception Cohort study |
N/A |
Epidemiology - Natural history |
Nervous system structures (s1) and related functions (Mental functions b1) |
Post-Covid |
COVID-19 |
41 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
Functional, motor, cognitive, psychological status, rehabilitation needs. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
This study reports about 41 hospitalized COVID-19 patients that needed ICU stay and mechanical
ventilation (mean age 56 years, 76% males). Time between ICU discharge and neurologic consultation
was 3.8 months (range 3.6-5.9). The main finding is represented by the rate of 52% of mild cognitive
defict at follow-up. ICU-acquired weakness, depression or anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder
were reported in 16%, 26%, and 7%, resepectively. ICU and hospital lengths of stay, tracheostomy,
and corticosteroids were negatively associated with favorable outcome. By contrast, use of alpha-2
agonists during ICU stay was associated with favorable outcome |
| Johannson et al |
10.1016/j.arrct.2022.100184 |
2022 |
Sweden |
N/A |
To report on persisting neuro-visual function issues and symptoms after discharge from
hospitalization due to Covid-19 infection. |
Cross-sectional study |
Specialized outpatient rehabilitation |
Epidemiology - Prevalence/Incidence |
Nervous system structures (s1) and related functions (Sensory functions and pain b2) |
Post-Covid |
COVID-19 |
42 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
Neuro-visual examination |
|
|
|
|
|
|
This study reports about 42 hospitalized COVID-19 patients (mean age 53.4 ± 13.3 years, 45.2% males)
assessed for visual impairment a median of 162 days after discharge (range 114-135), following their
complaints of vision-related symptoms, like reading-related issues (73.8%), blurry vision (69.0%),
and light
sensitivity (66.7%). Main finding: 83.3% of patients presented visual deficits, mainly concerning
eye teaming (23.1%–66.7%) and eye movement (28.6%–
30.8%) functions. Patients with vision-related symptoms reported fatigue and 18 other coexisting
symptoms to a greater extent (p≤0.0001 to 0.049). |
| Lechien JR |
10.1007/s00405-020-06548-w |
2022 |
Europe |
From March 22 to June 3, 2020 |
To investigate prevalence and epidemiological and clinical factors associated with olfactory
dysfunction and gustatory dysfunction in COVID-19 patients according to the disease severity |
Cross-sectional study |
N/A |
Epidemiology - Prevalence/Incidence |
Any other body structure and function-generic (s/b) |
Acute |
COVID-19 |
2579 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
Questionnaires, the Sniffin’Sticks test that is a validated psychophysical olfactory test |
|
|
|
|
|
|
This study reports 2579 COVID-19 patients (the mean age was 44.4 ± 16.7 years, male 37,8%; including
84.0% mild, 5.6% moderate, and 10.4% severe-to-critical patients). The median time between the onset
of Olfactory dysfunction and the realization of psychophysical evaluation was 18 days.
The main findings are represented by:
-The most prevalent general symptoms were headache (59.8%), cough (55.2%), myalgia (53.5%), and
dyspnea (45.2%).
-The most prevalent otolaryngological symptom was nasal obstruction (53.7%). Dysphonia and Dysphagia
were reported in 27.8% and 17%, respectively.
-Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions were reported in 73.7 and 46.8% of patients, respectively.
These were more prevalent in patients with mild COVID-19 (73.7 and 46.8%) than individuals with
moderate, severe, or critical diseases.
-Females might have a higher risk of developing these dysfunctions than males.
-Diabetes was associated with a higher risk of developing gustatory dysfunction. |
| Levy D et al |
10.3390/nu14040912 |
2022 |
France |
Between March 2020 and June 2020 |
To determine, prospectively, sarcopenia occurrence and signs of malnutrition, together with clinical
and cardiorespiratory functional characteristics in 139 patients three and six months after
hospitalization for COVID-19 infection. |
Inception Cohort study |
N/A |
Epidemiology - Natural history |
Nervous system structures (s1) and related functions (Neuromusculoskeletal and movement related
functions b7) |
Post-Covid |
COVID-19 |
139 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
Frequency and evolution of sarcopenia. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
This study reports about 139 hospitalized COVID-19 patients (mean age 62 years, 68% males, 71%
needed ICU stay). Patients were followed-up at 3 and 6 months after hospital discharge. The main
finding is represented by the rate of 16% of sarcopenia at 3 months follow-up, and of 4% at 6 months
follow-up. ICU length of stay was the sole factor associated with sarcopenia after multivariate
analysis. |
| Lindh et al. |
10.1016/j.arrct.2021.100177 |
2022 |
Sweden |
March 2020 - July 2020 |
To explore swallowing function and risk factors associated with delayed recovery of swallowing in
patients with COVID-19 post−invasive mechanical ventilation using the Functional Oral Intake Scale
(FOIS). |
Inception Cohort study |
Rehabilitation in acute care |
Epidemiology - Natural history |
Digestive functions (b510) |
Acute |
COVID-19 |
28 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
The Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS) at baseline and hospital discharge. |
This study reports about invasively ventilated patients with severe COVID-19 (mean age, 61±12; 79%
male; mean BMI: 30±8 kg/m2). The study was conducted between March 2020 and July 2021. The main
finding is represented by the median FOIS score that increased from 2 (IQR, 1) at baseline to 5
(IQR, 2.5) at hospital discharge. Patients with dysphagia were mechanically ventilated for more time
(16±7 vs 10±2 days; p=0.017) or had a tracheostomy longer (9±9 vs 1±2;p=0.03). A negative
association was found between swallowing dysfunction at bedside and length to stay (r=−0.471,
p=0.01), and length to stay in the ICU (r=−0.48, p=0.01). |
61±12 |
0,79 |
1 |
0 |
|
This study reports about 28 invasively ventilated patients with severe COVID-19 (mean age, 61±12;
79% male; mean BMI: 30±8 kg/m2) who received a longitudinal assessment of swallow function up to
discharge. Main finding: the median FOIS score increased from 2 (IQR, 1) at baseline to 5 (IQR, 2.5)
at hospital discharge. Patients with dysphagia were mechanically ventilated for more time (16±7 vs
10±2 days; p=0.017) or had tracheostomy for longer time (9±9 vs 1±2 days;p=0.03). A negative
association was found between swallowing dysfunction at bedside and total (r=−0.471, p=0.01), and
ICU length of stay (r=−0.48, p=0.01). |
| Magdy D et al |
10.4103/atm.atm_82_21 |
2022 |
Egypt |
From March to December 2020. |
To describe the long-term impact of COVID-19 on pulmonary function, exercise capacity, and quality
of life among survivors. |
Inception Cohort study |
N/A |
Epidemiology - Natural history |
Any Activity limitation and participation restriction (d) |
Post-Covid |
COVID-19 |
85 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
PFT, 6MWT, SF36 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
This study reports about 85 hospitalized COVID-19 patients (mean age 34.6 ± 9.9 years, 56.5% males,
BMI 24.6±3.8, 29.4% needed ICU stay, 7% needed mechanical ventilation), who were followed up at 3
and 6 months of symptom onset. The main finding is represented by a 29.4% rate at 6 months follow-up
of abnormalities at PFT, and by lower-than-expected levels of quality of life and 6MWT
performance.There were significant positive correlations between lung function parameters (FVC, VC,
FEV1, and DlCO) with several SF-36 domains. |
| Mendelsohn et al. |
10.4102/safp.v64i1.5429
|
2022 |
South Africa |
15 December 2020 - 31 March 2021 |
to describe the prevalence of long COVID in mild COVID-19 patients, and document the impact of
COVID-19 on patients’ wellbeing, work, and their access to long COVID treatment |
Cross-sectional study |
General postacute rehabilitation |
Epidemiology - Prevalence/Incidence |
Any other body structure and function-generic (s/b) |
Ongoing |
COVID-19 |
174 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
COVID-19 symptoms, number of medical consultations for persistent symptoms post isolation, number of
missed workdays, selfreported non-recovery, long COVID symptoms, and the desire for additional
medical consultation for long COVID. |
This study reports about COVID-19 patients (mean age 50.3±13.6; 66 male and 108 female). The study
was conduced between 15 December 2020 and 31 March 2021, and patients wThis study reports about
COVID-19 patients (mean age 50.3±13.6; 66 male and 108 female). The study was conducted between 15
December 2020 and 31 March 2021, and patients were assessed three months after infection. The main
finding is represented by long COVID symptoms persistency. In particular, 60% of patients with mild
COVID-19 had ≥1 long COVID symptom, while 35%had ≥3 ongoing symptoms for two months. Dyspnea and
fatigue were the most common symptoms. The study results showed that 52% of employed patients missed
work and 25%of patients self-reported non-recovery from their COVID-19. Moreover, 24%of patients
consulted a clinician for long COVID, but only 7%of patients received long COVID care with the
public health care system. Out of the 17%of patients requiring additional help for long COVID, 56%
were interested in assistance by text message or telephonic consultation. |
50.3±13.6 |
37.9% |
0 |
2 |
|
This study reports about 174 COVID-19 patients (mean age 50.3±13.6; 66 male and 108 female)
interviewed by phone two months after diagnosis, about the peristence of symptoms and their impact
on wellbeing. Main finding : 60% of patients with mild COVID-19 had ≥1 long COVID symptom, while
35%had ≥3 ongoing symptoms for two months. Dyspnea and fatigue were the most common symptoms. 52% of
employed patients missed work and 25%of patients self-reported non-recovery from their COVID-19;
24%of patients consulted a clinician for long COVID, but only 7%of patients received long COVID care
with the public health care system. Out of the 17%of patients requiring additional help for long
COVID, 56% were interested in assistance by text message or telephonic consultation. |
| Nopp et al. |
10.1159/000522118 |
2022 |
Austria |
May 2020 - April 2021 |
to characterize the effectiveness and safety of outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with
persistent or progressive respiratory and/or functional limitations after
COVID-19. |
Before-after/time series |
Specialized postacute rehabilitation |
Micro - Interventions (efficacy/harms) |
Any other body structure and function-generic (s/b) |
Post-Covid |
COVID-19 |
58 |
N/A |
endurance, strength, and inspiratory muscle training over a 6 weeks period, 3 times per week for
3–4 h each, under the supervision of physicians, physiotherapists,
and sports scientists |
N/A |
6MWD, PCFS scale, Borg dyspnea scale, Fatigue Assessment Scale, and QoL. |
This study reports about COVID-19 patients (mean age 46.8±12.6; 43% female). The study was conducted
between May 2020 and April 2021. The main finding is represented by significant improvements in 6MWD
by 62.9 m (±48.2, p< 0.001) and in PCFS scale after outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation. Significant
improvements were also observed in presence of dyspnea (p< 0.001), fatigue (p< 0.001), and QoL
(p< 0.001). FEV1, lung diffusion capacity, and inspiratory muscle pressure significantly
increased after the intervention. |
46.8±12.6 |
0,57 |
0 |
2 |
|
This study reports about 58 COVID-19 patients (mean age 46.8±12.6; 43% female) undergone pulmonary
rehabilitation at 4.4 months after infection onset, due to persistent symptoms after COVID-19. Main
finding: a significant improvement was observed in 6MWD (increased by 62.9 m±48.2, p< 0.001), PCFS
scale, dyspnea (p< 0.001), fatigue (p< 0.001), and QoL (p< 0.001). FEV1, lung diffusion
capacity, and inspiratory muscle pressure significantly increased after the intervention. |
| Novak et al. |
10.1097/MRR.0000000000000513 |
2022 |
Slovenia |
November 2020 - May 2021 |
to describe changes in functional and nutritional status from admission to rehabilitation discharge
in a cohort of post-COVID-19 patients who were referred for electrophysiologically confirmed or
clinically suspected CIN and CIM. |
Before-after/time series |
Specialized postacute rehabilitation |
Micro - Interventions (efficacy/harms) |
Any Activity limitation and participation restriction (d) |
Ongoing |
COVID-19 |
50 |
N/A |
rehabilitation nursing, nutritional support, respiratory therapy, kinesiotherapy, electrotherapy,
functional occupational therapy, training into activities of daily living and psychosocial support,
speech and swallowing training |
N/A |
Functional Independence Measure (FIM), The Canadian
Occupational Performance Measure, 10-metre walk test,
6-min walk test and the de Morton Mobility Index. |
This study reports about COVID-19 patients in ICU with a confirmed or clinically suspected diagnosis
of CIN/CIM (mean age 62±10; 14 female; mean ICU length of stay: 42±16). The study was conducted
between November 2020 and May 2021. The main finding is represented by statistically significant
improvements in total FIM (p<0.001), COPM (p<0.001), 10MWT (p<0.001), 6MWT (p<0.001), DEMMI
(p<0.001) after a comprehensive rehabilitation program included rehabilitation nursing,
nutritional support, respiratory therapy, kinesiotherapy, electrotherapy, functional
occupational therapy, training into activities of daily living and psychosocial support. |
62±10 |
0,72 |
1 |
0 |
|
This study reports about 50 COVID-19 patients enrolled for inpatient rehabilitation after discharge
from the acute hospital stay. All of them had been admitted to the ICU and presented a confirmed or
clinically suspected diagnosis of CIN/CIM (mean age 62±10; 14 female; mean acute hospital length of
stay: 67 ±28 days, range 25–123). Main finding: inpatient rehabilitation lasted 42±16 days (range:
11–80). On discharge, a statistically significant improvement was observed in total FIM (p<0.001),
COPM (p<0.001), 10MWT (p<0.001), 6MWT (p<0.001), DEMMI (p<0.001).The gain in motor FIM was
larger with the longer length of stay up to 2 months and plateaued thereafter. |
| Ortelli et al. |
10.1111/ene.15278 |
2022 |
Italy |
3 months (January - March 2021) |
to investigate whether abnormal motor cortex physiology and deficits in executive attention could be
found also in patients complaining of persisting fatigue and cognitive difficulties following mild
SARS- CoV- 2 infection |
Cross-sectional study |
N/A |
Micro - Outcome Measures |
Nervous system structures (s1) and related functions (Mental functions b1) |
Post-Covid |
COVID-19 |
89 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
Likert scale, Beck Depression Inventory, Fatigue
Severity Scale (FSS) and Fatigue Rating Scale (FRS), Borg Category Ratio (CR100) scale, Transcranial
magnetic stimulation to study motor evoked potentials and intracortical inhibition |
This study reports about post-COVID-19 outpatients (mean age 89; 25,4% male). The study was
conducted over a period of 3 months (January - March 2021). The main finding is represented by the
resting motor threshold (RMT), that was significantly higher in post-COVID-19 patients (p=0,014).
Post-COVID-19 patients showed a significantly reduced amount of inhibition in the long- interval
intracortical inhibition test at ISI 100 ms (LICI 100) compared with healthy control (HCs)
(p=0,010). The MoCA revealed significant differences in global cognition between post-COVID-19
patients and HCs (p=0,005). With respect to the sustained attention task, reaction times were
significantly longer and intra- individual SD was higher in post-COVID-19 patients than in HCs (both
p<0.001).< /td>
| 89 |
0,254 |
0 |
0 |
|
This study reports about 67 post-COVID-19 outpatients (mean age 89; 25,4% male) complaining of
fatigue and/or cognitive difficulties at 109.4 +/- 77.5 days of onset and undergone a
multidimensional assessment of perceived and observed cognitive impairment and transcranial magnetic
stimulation. 22 healthy controls (HC) were assessed for comparison. The main finding is represented
by the resting motor threshold (RMT), that was significantly higher in post-COVID-19 patients
(p=0,014). Post-COVID-19 patients showed a significantly reduced amount of inhibition in the long-
interval intracortical inhibition test at ISI 100 ms (LICI 100) compared with HC (p=0,010). The MoCA
revealed significant differences in global cognition between post-COVID-19 patients and HC
(p=0,005). With respect to the sustained attention task, reaction times were significantly longer
and intra- individual SD was higher in post-COVID-19 patients than in HC (both p<0.001).< /td>
|
| Righi E |
10.1016/j.jinf.2022.02.003 |
2022 |
Italy |
From February 29 to May 2, 2020 |
To better define easy-to-measure predictors and impact of symptom persistence among COVID-19
survivors and to identify specific clinical needs after the recovery from active SARS-CoV-2
infection |
Inception Cohort study |
N/A |
Epidemiology - Natural history |
Any other body structure and function-generic (s/b) |
Post-Covid |
COVID-19 |
465 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
questionnaires, mMRC dyspnoea scale, Kessler Psychological Distress Scale |
|
|
|
|
|
|
This study reports on 465 COVID-19 patients (mean age 56 years (IQR, 45 - 66), 54% males, 49% were
managed as outpatients, while 51% patients required hospitalization), followed-up for 9 months after
COVID-19 onset.
The main findings are represented by:
- At presentation, 37% of patients reported 4 or more symptoms. Persistence of at least one symptom
was reported at day 28 by 42% of patients, at week 12 by 31%, and at month 9 by 20%. The main
symptoms at month 9 were fatigue (11%) and breathlessness (8%), in particular in hospitalized
patients.
-Age > 50 years, ICU stay, and presentation with 4 or more symptoms were independent predictors of
persistence of symptoms at month 9.
-A total of 18% of patients did not return to optimal pre-COVID physical health, while 19% showed
psychological distress at month 9. Hospital admission and persistence of symptoms at day 28 and
month 9 were independent predictors of suboptimal physical health, while female gender and
persistence of symptoms at day 28 and month 9 were risk factors for psychological distress.
In conclusion, patients with advanced age, ICU stay, and multiple symptoms at onset were more likely
to suffer from long-term symptoms, which had a negative impact on both physical and mental
wellbeing. |
| Rodriguez-Montoya RM |
10.35434/rcmhnaaa.2021.143.1244 |
2021 |
Perù |
From August 1 to November 7, 2020. |
To determine the effects of a Multimodal Rehabilitation Program (MRP) in patients with COVID-19
admitted to the ICU and to present a working model based on indicators. |
Quasi-experimental study |
Rehabilitation in acute care |
Micro - Interventions (efficacy/harms) |
Respiratory structures (s430) and related functions (Respiration b440-455) |
Acute |
COVID-19 |
77 |
N/A |
Multimodal Rehabilitation Program six days a week. It was based on four modalities: a) mobilizations
of four limbs, b) bed cycling, c) functional training, d) respiratory muscle training. |
32 patients who underwent usual care (postural changes, permeability of the artificial airway by the
service personnel or some routine physiotherapeutic intervention, mainly based on mobilizations)
|
days of ICU stay, days of invasive mechanical ventilation, ventilator-free days at 28 days
(VFDs-28), LOS, muscle strength through the MRC (Medical Research Council) score, mortality |
|
|
|
|
|
|
This study reports about 77 COVID-19 patients hospitalized in ICU and enrolled in an experimental
trial with sequential (not random) sampling and without blinding. . During ICU stay, 34 patients
underwent Multimodal Rehabilitation Program (MRP group) and 43 received usual Care (control group).
Only 32 subjects per group completed the protocol. MRP group: mean age 52.5 ± 14.2, male 75%, median
days of stay in ICU 18,8 ± 9,5; control group: mean age 56.5 ± 11.2, male 81,3%, median days of stay
in ICU 13,2 ± 10,2) No intention-to-treat analysis was attempted
The main result is represented by:
No statistically significant differences were found in favor of the application of the Multimodal
Rehabilitation Program in terms of reduction of days of ICU stay and days of mechanical ventilation.
In an exploratory way, the use of indicators made it possible to quantify the intervention and it
was possible to determine that the iMR (index of Multimodal Rehabilitation) was related to the
VFDs-28 and mortality |
| Rossi et al. |
10.1016/j.rmed.2022.106773 |
2022 |
Italy |
April 2020 - June 2021 |
To investigate the association between time to active sitting position and clinical features in
people with COVID-19 admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) and referred to physiotherapists. |
Inception Cohort study |
Rehabilitation in acute care |
Epidemiology - Natural history |
Any Activity limitation and participation restriction (d) |
Acute |
COVID-19 |
284 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
Days of invasive MV, presence of endotracheal tube and/or tracheostomy, ICU LOS, mortality,
Manchester Mobility Score (MMS) |
This study reports about COVID-19 patients in ICU (mean age 62.5±9.3; 78 female and 206 male; mean
ICU length of stay 27.5±18.8). The study was conducted between April 2020 and June 2021. The main
finding is represented by the association of sex and the time to active sitting position after
rehabilitation intervention. Sex was the only characteristic associated with the time to active
sitting position, with males showing a reduced hazard by a factor of 0.65 (95% CI: 0.48–0.87;
p=0.0042) compared to females. The active sitting position was reached after a median of 18 (IQR:
10.0–32.0) days. Among 50% of participants increased Manchester Mobility Score by 3 points at
discharge. |
62.5±9.3 |
72.5% |
1 |
0 |
|
This study reports about 284 COVID-19 patients who received physiotherapy in ICU (mean age 62.5±9.3;
78 female and 206 male; mean ICU length of stay 27.5±18.8). Baseline demographic and clinical data
is provided also on a group of 194 subjects who were older and presented a higher death rate. Main
finding: sex was the only characteristic associated with the time to active sitting position, with
males showing a reduced hazard by a factor of 0.65 (95% CI: 0.48–0.87; p=0.0042) compared to
females. The active sitting position was reached after a median of 18 (IQR: 10.0–32.0) days. Around
50% of participants increased the Manchester Mobility Score by 3 points at discharge. |
| Seang S et al |
10.1016/j.idnow.2022.02.005 |
2022 |
France |
Between May and July 2020 |
To describe the persistent disorders defined as long COVID-19 syndrome. |
Inception Cohort study |
N/A |
Epidemiology - Natural history |
Any other body structure and function-generic (s/b) |
Post-Covid |
COVID-19 |
63 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
Clinical recovery, symptoms |
|
|
|
|
|
|
This study reports about 63 COVID-19 patients (mean age 48 years, 21% males). Patients were enrolled
on average 81 days after symptoms onset, and tested at 6 months follow-up. The main finding is
represented by the clinical recovery rate of 87% (30% complete, 57% partial) at the 6 months
follow-up. The proportion of patients with > 2 persistent symptoms was 26% at 6 months (main
symptoms: dyspnea [54%] and asthenia/myalgia [46%]). |
| Soliman IW et al |
10.1093/ageing/afab278 |
2022 |
European |
From 19th March to 4th February 2021. |
To report on outcomes of the various domains of the self-reported health-related quality of life
assessment of former critically ill COVID-19 patients. |
Cross-sectional study |
N/A |
Epidemiology - Prevalence/Incidence |
Any Activity limitation and participation restriction (d) |
Post-Covid |
COVID-19 |
1224 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
EurQol-5D-5L questionnaire |
|
|
|
|
|
|
This study reports about 1224 very old COVID-19 survivors that needed ICU stay in the acute phase
(mean age 74 years, 70% males). Of them, 707 responded to a quality of life questionnaire at 3
months of infection onset . Main finding: half of the older critically ill patients who have
survived COVID-19 reported severe to extreme problem after 3 months, which was associated with the
level of frailty |
| Tapan OO et al |
10.4274/jtsm.galenos.2021.86648 |
2022 |
Turkey |
Between 15 July and 15 October 2020 |
To evaluate the sleep quality and the factors affecting the sleep quality of hospitalized patients
with COVID-19 pneumonia. |
Cross-sectional study |
N/A |
Epidemiology - Prevalence/Incidence |
Any other body structure and function-generic (s/b) |
Acute |
COVID-19 |
105 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
Demographic data, symptoms, laboratory parameters, PSQI. HADS |
|
|
|
|
|
|
This study reports about 105 hospitalized COVID-19 patients. They were divided in two groups:
non-severe COVID-19 (N=55, mean age 45.65 ± 16.31 years, 31% males) and severe COVID-19 (N=50, mean
age 51.42±13.01 years, 58% males). They were interviewed in the acute phase at around 7 days of
admission (non-severe group) and 16 days of admission (severe group). Main finding: PSQI score was
8.43±2.03 in the non-severe group and 12.64±2.24 in the severe group. The total PSQI score
correlated with age, HADS score, length of hospital stay, and ferritin. Disease severity, HADS
scores, oxygen saturation, and dyspnea, were
associated with the total PSQI score (R2=0.630). |
| Zychowska et al. |
10.3390/medicina58020305
|
2022 |
Poland |
November 2020 - January 2021 |
to evaluate the impact of
COVID-19 on postural control in subjects who have recently recovered from the infection |
Cross-sectional study |
General postacute rehabilitation |
Epidemiology - Prevalence/Incidence |
Nervous system structures (s1) and related functions (Neuromusculoskeletal and movement related
functions b7) |
Ongoing |
COVID-19 |
33 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
Center of foot pressure (COP) decomposed into rambling (RAMB) and trembling (TREMB) and sample
entropy |
This study reports about patients who develop COVID-19 within the preceding 2–4 weeks (mean age
40.0±12.8; 6 men and 27 women) compared to healthy controls (mean age38.9±14.4; 9 men and 26 women).
The study was conducted between November 2020 and January 2021. The main finding is represented by
the differences between groups in stabilographic measurements by the resultant center of foot
pressure (COP) decomposed into rambling (RAMB) and trembling (TREMB). More in detail, the Range of
TREMB was significantly increased in subjects who experienced anosmia/hyposmia during COVID-19,
assessed with closed eyes (p=0.03). In addition, subjects who reported dyspnea during COVID-19
demonstrated a significant increase of length and velocity of COP (p<0.001), RAMB (p<0.001), and
TREMB (p<0.001). |
COVID-19 group: 40.0±12.8; healty subjects group: 38.9±14.4 |
COVID-19 group: 18.2%; healty subjects group: 25.7% |
0 |
2 |
|
This study reports about 33 patients who developed COVID-19 within the preceding 2–4 weeks (mean age
40.0±12.8; 6 men and 27 women) and whose stabilographic measurements were compared to those from 35
healthy controls (mean age38.9±14.4; 9 men and 26 women) . The main finding is represented by the
significant increase of the range of TREMB in subjects who experienced anosmia/hyposmia during
COVID-19, assessed with closed eyes (p=0.03). In addition, subjects who reported dyspnea during
COVID-19 demonstrated a significant increase of length and velocity of COP (p<0.001), RAMB
(p<0.001), and TREMB (p<0.001). |